SUB ENGINEER (ELECTRICAL)

KERALA STATE ELECTRICITY BOARD 

(CATEGORY NO. 325/2011, 326/2011 & 327/2011) 

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING 

Electrical Circuits and Networks 

Electric current, Voltage, Resistance- Definition and units, Laws of resistance- Sp: resistance Conductance and Conductivity, Effect of temperature on resistance- Temp. coefficient.  

D. C. Circuits- Ohm’s law- series, parallel, series- parallel circuits. 

Network theorems- Kirchoff’s Law, Super position theorem, Thevenin’s theorem, Norton theorem- Electric power and Energy in DC circuits, their units etc. 

Heating effect of electric current- Joules law 

Electrostatics Magnetism  

Static electricity- Absolute and relative permittivity of a medium, Dielectric constant- Laws of electrostatics.  

Electric field, Field strength, Electrostatic Induction- Electric flux density- potential and potential difference- potential of a charged sphere- Equipotential surfaces, Potential gradient Breakdown voltage and dielectric strength. 

Capacitor and Capacitance- Capacitance of an isolated sphere, spherical capacitor and parallel plate capacitor, variable capacitors, capacitors in series and parallel, Energy stored in a capacitor.

Faraday’s Laws of Electrolysis, Electroplating, primary and secondary cells, comparison of lead acid and alkaline cells, Initial charging and commissioning of new batteries, Charging methods, Ampere hour, and Watt hour efficiencies, Galvanizing and Anodizing, Extraction of zinc and aluminium, field application of Electrolysis. 

Absolute and relative permeability, Field strength magnetizing force, flux and flux density, Relation between flux density and magnetizing force, B. H. curve, Methods of magnetization. 

Force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field- Magnetizing force of a long straight conductor, long solenoid. 

Magnetic circuit- magnetomotive force, reluctance, Ampereturns, Permeance, Reluctivity. Comparison of magnetic and electrical circuits- Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction direction of induced emf and current, statically and dynamically induced emf. Expression for dynamically and statically induced emf, self and mutual inductance, Coefficient of coupling, Energy stored in a magnetic field. 

AC Fundamentals 

Generation of alternating voltage and current- instantaneous values of voltage and current, Simple and complete waveforms, Definition of cycle, frequency, time period, amplitude value, average value, R. M. S value, form factor, peak factor, phase difference, relation between frequency, poles and speed. 

AC through R, L and C- voltage, current, power, P. F in pure resistive, inductive, capacitive, single phase circuits- active, reactive and apparent power, Q- factor, Resonance in R- L- C circuits- parallel AC single phase circuits- vector, phasor method, resonance in parallel circuit Q- factor. 

Generation of poly phase voltage- advantages, Phase sequence. Interconnection of three- phases, star and delta connection. Relation between phase and line voltages and current in star and delta power in three- phase system in star and delta. Power, current and power factor in a three- phase balanced system. Balanced and unbalanced three- phase system. Balanced star- delta and delta star conversion, Three- phase power measurement- single, three and two- watt meter methods. 

DESIGN ESTIMATING AND COSTING 

Domestic Wiring 

Define estimate- essential elements- calculation of conductor size- current rating of copper and aluminium cables- simple core- wiring accessories- layout preparation, wiring, diagram and estimates for house, office building, schools, cinema theatre. 

Define terms used in illumination- Laws of illumination- various lighting schemes- illumination level for various places- space height ratio- utilization factor- Depreciation factor- Maintenance factor- Design of lighting schemes for various rooms- arrangements of lamps- design of flood lighting schemes. Types of lamps- incandescent- gas filled lamps, advantages over vacuum lamps- types of gases used- Arc lamps- Principle and uses- Halogen lamps- CFL working and uses- discharge lamps- sodium lamps- HMPV and LMPV lamps- neon lamps- fluorescent lamps and the field application of each. 

Earthing- purpose- I. S. rules regarding earthing- Types of earthing, rules regarding power circuit wiring- estimates and cost of materials regarding wiring pump set in single phase and three phase systems- estimation and costing of control panel and wiring of small workshops- estimate and costing of service connection wiring using U G cables and O H lines. Mechanical aspects of O H lines- electrical aspects of O H lines, Types of U G cables. 

Extension of overhead lines- estimate and cost for extending single phase low tension distribution lines- three phase distribution lines- street lighting using O H lines- U G cables estimate and costing of 11 kV OH line extension. 

Sub-station- I E rules regarding spacing of conductor- distance from building etc- materials used for erecting 11 kV sub-station- preparation of the distribution sub- station- 4 pole mounted sub station- P length mounted sub- stations. 

Define installation scheme for 2 large industry. 

Designs of ratings of back- up fuse, ACBS, MCCB, busbar, cables, capacitor banks, generator, change over mechanism, transformer etc as per rules. 

UTILIZATION OF ELECTRICAL POWER 

Electrical Heating 

Electric heating and welding- advantages and types of electric heating- properties of resistance heating materials- design of heating elements- Resistance ovens- methods of temperature controls. 

Induction heating- Principle- factors affecting induction heating- induction furnace- coren type and core less type- high frequency eddy current heating- dielectric heating- equivalent circuit loss angle application of dielectric heating- Arc furnace- direct and indirect types. 

Electric welding- types- resistance welding- spot welding- pre welding- seam welding- electric arc welding- electrical properties of negative resistance- types of arc welding- requirements of welding generators and transformers- use of reactor for control of welding current- third brush and bipolar welding generators- description.

Electrical Drives in Industry 

Mechanical features of electric motor- frame size- relation between speed and frame size- types of enclosures. 

Electric drives- classification of electric drives- group, individual and multimotor drives matching the drive with load- basic classes of duty- continuous- short time- intermittent periods duty, selection of electric drives- steel mills, paper mills, cement mills. 

Electric traction- system of electric traction- direct electric traction- diesel electric traction merits and demerits- factors affecting specific energy consumption. 

Traction motors- DC and AC motors- properties and characteristics- control of DC motors series parallel control systems of electric traction- DC single and three phase systems of supply brief description. 

DC MACHINES 

Basic electro magnetic laws- EMF generation in a rotating machine- production of torque concepts of electric machines- common features of electric machines- types of electrical machines- torque balance- power losses and efficiency- methods of ventilation and cooling machines. 

Principle and working of a practical generator and construction details- commutator assembly emf equation- classification of generators based on methods of excitations, Armature windings equalizer connections. 

Armature reaction- effects- commutation- methods of improving commutation. Generator characteristics . critical field resistance and critical speed- uses of DC generators. 

DC motor principle- back emf- voltage equation- torque equation- Types of motors- motor characteristics for DC shunt, series and compound motors. Factors controlling motor speed methods of speed control of shunt, series and compound motors. Starting of DC motors- Starters Types and necessity. 

Testing of DC motors- losses in DC machines- determination of efficiency- Swinburne test advantages and disadvantages. 

RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY 

Conventional sources of energy- non conventional source of energy 

Description of photovoltaic effect- Electro characteristics- Application of solar energy devices. 

Wind energy basics- classifications- wind energy turbines- conversion of wind energy to electrical energy brief idea. Application of wind energy devices.

Concepts of ocean energy- concepts of wave energy- methods hybrid cycles- physical principles fixed devices and floating devices. 

GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION, SWITCH GEAR AND  PROTECTION 

Electrical power generation-economic power-power factor improvement-transmission line  elements-underground cables-sag in transmission lines-distribution system(ac and dc) 

Short circuit current calculation and fuses-circuit breakers-relays-protection of alternators,  transformers, transmission line- earthing and lightning arresters 

AC MACHINE, TRANSFORMERS, ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT AND  MEASURING INSTRUMENT 

Synchronous generator-characteristics and parallel operation of alternators-voltage regulation synchronous motors -single phase induction motors -fractional horse power motors-transformer  principle-testing of transformers-special purpose transformers-principles of induction motors speed control of induction motors-theory of measuring instrument-measurement of power and  energy-measurement of R,L,C-commercial measuring instrument-CRO and transducers 

BASIC ELECTRONICS, ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS & DIGITAL  ELECTRONICS 

Resistor, capacitors , inductors, transformers (Types and their applications),basic network  theorems, fundamentals of alternating current (Define waveform, time period, frequency and  amplitude, phase difference, r.m.s. value, average value) 

A.C. through resistors, inductors and capacitors, Q-factor of a coil, resonance in R-L-C -Series & parallel circuits, inductive reactance, capacitive reactance and impedance Semiconductor materials, devices and circuits :  

Conductors, insulators & semiconductors, intrinsic & extrinsic semiconductors  Diodes & Rectifiers, different types of diodes, transistors, UJT,FET, integrated circuit, opto  electronic devices, Power devices – SCR, diac & triac, 

Transistor Amplifiers : methods of inter stage coupling, tuned voltage amplifier, Audio power  amplifiers, feed back amplifiers, Oscillators and Multi vibrators, Schmitt trigger, wave shaping  circuits. 

Digital electronics and Op-Amps : 

 Number systems & Digital Circuits, Boolean algebra, Introduction to logic theory, switching  functions AND, OR, NOT,NAND NOR, EXOR operations, Logic families, Combinational  Logic Circuits, Sequential Logic Circuits, Operational amplifiers(Circuits, Applications) Memories, Programmable Logic Devices. 

Communication systems. 

Modulation AM, FM, & PM, Radio Transmitters, Demodulation and Radio Receivers, Antennas, 

Microwave Communication, Satellite Communication, Fiber Optic communication, Mobile  Communication. 

Power electronics:

Power control devices, Converters and inverters , Speed control of machines, Programmable Logic Controllers, Voltage Regulators and Power Supplies. 

^{Microprocessors and Micro controller family – 8051 :} 

Micro Controller Architecture, Micro Controllers-interrupts & operation, Micro Controller Programming, Micro Controller Interfacing & Applications. Application, classification and working of computers :  

Functions of hardware and software components, working of memory and input – output devices, provisions of windows os and word processing, Flow chart, Algorithm, Data Processing and Programming Methodology 

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